An optimal sizing framework for autonomous photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/hydrogen energy system considering cost, reliability and forced outage rate using horse herd optimization

The components outage of an energy system weakens its operation probability, which can affect the sizing that system. An optimal framework is presented for autonomous hybrid photovoltaic/hydrokinetic/fuel cell (PV/HKT/FC) with hydrogen storage to supply annual load demand forced rate (FOR) clean production resources based on real environmental information such as irradiance, temperature, and water flow. problem implemented objective cost (COE) minimization also satisfying probability (PLS) a reliability constraint. FOR effect photovoltaic hydrokinetic evaluated sizing, cost, reliability, contribution Meta-heuristic horse herd optimization (HHO) algorithm perfect capability exploration exploitation phases used solve problem. results proved PV/HKT/FC configuration option residential complex minimum COE maximum PLS compared other configurations. demonstrated overlap achieve economic-reliable power generation findings indicated increased decreased due increasing because reducing operational probability. level maintain level. Also, more effective than in undermining reliability. In system, obtained 1.57 $/kWh without considering achieved 1.66 1.63 (8%) resources, respectively. Moreover, cleared HHO superior comparison particle swarm (PSO), genetic (GA), grey wolf optimizer (GWO) lowest higher • Sizing energy. Using solving sizing. Cost-effective reliable equal 0.6694 $/kWh. 0.6747 0.6988 (10%) HKTs PVs. Superiority PSO, GA, GWO methods.